Bursaphelenchus cocophilus parasitizes the south american palm weevil rhynchophorus palmarum, which serves as a vector. The red palm weevils are vectors of a nematode bursaphelenchus rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus that causes red ring disease in the americas. A female may lay 10 to 48 eggs daily within a period of 811 days. Low this article has been rated as lowimportance on the projects importance scale.
Chlorosis leaf discoloration first appears at the tips of the oldest leaves and spreads towards their bases. Genetic diversity of bursaphelenchus cocophilus table 1. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode pwn, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, one of the most damaging emerging pest problems to forests around the world. It is also identified in literature with an alternative scientific name rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus.
This name is still commonly used within the scientific. It is found mainly in the stems of palm trees, but also in leaf petioles and occasionally in roots. Molecular characterization and development of realtime. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, a nematode that is vectored by sapw, is listed as a harmful organism by antigua and barbuda, chile, china, colombia, dominica, honduras, jamaica, and saint lucia 2. Red ring and other diseases of the oil palm in central and south. Other nematode genera besides bursaphelenchus were found to be associated with the insects. The common name, the red ring nematode, is derived from its distinguishing symptom. The red ring disease of coconuts and african oil palms is caused by the nematode bursaphelenchus cocophilus. This federal order is issued pursuant to section 412 a of the plant protection act of june 20, 2000, as amended, 7. Bursaphelenchus clavicauda is thought to feed on its bark beetles mutualistic fusarium. The red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus, was first described by cobb 1919 as aphelenchus cocophilus from specimens in grenada.
Pdf red ring disease is one of the primary diseases that attacks the coconut palm. First report of bursaphelenchus fungivorus nematoda. This disease was first described on coconut palms in 1905 in trinidad and the association between the disease and the nematode was reported in 1919. Adults are also vector of the nematode bursaphelenchus cocophilus, which is. Morphology and description of bursaphelenchus platzeri n. Nematoda is the official, golden openaccess scientific publication of the brazilian nematological society. Genetic diversity of bursaphelenchus cocophilus in south.
Identification and pathogenicity of bursaphelenchus species core. Red ring disease can appear in several species of tropical palms, including date, canary island date and cuban royal, but is most common in oil and coconut palms. It is thought that the nematode is transmitted during weevil feeding and oviposi. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus nematodes infect palm trees and cause the red ring disease that is fatal to palm, coconut and other fruit trees. Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. This document is eeny236, one of a series of the entomology and nematology department, ufifas extension. The study was performed in the rio grande valley of south texas and near the border with tamaulipas state, mexico. Red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus cobb baujard nematoda. Parasitaphelenchidae, are causative agents of two serious diseases, red ring disease rrd with great importance to coconut and certain oil palm species in central and south america, and in pine wilt disease pwd, which has wreaked havoc in forest areas in the far. Red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus, causes the red ring disease of palms and is a very important palm pest in the neotropics. Pdf culturing bursaphelenchus cocophilus in vitro and in. The palm weevil, rhynchophorus palmarum, is the vector of the nematode and life stages of r. The brown lower leaves may break across the petiole of the lower part of the rachis, or they may become partly dislodged at the base and hang down. Red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus cobb.
Symptoms of red ring disease were first described on trinidad coconut palms in 1905. The xylophagous nematodes bursaphelenchus cocophilus and b. The nematodes plug up the vascular system and reduce the flow of water up to the foliage. Since that time, it has undergone several name changes including the change to rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus by goodey 1960. Molecular characterization of portuguese populations of. It is native to north america where it causes relatively minor damage to native conifers but is labeled an eppoa2 pest and a quarantine nematode for many countries outside of the united states.
Only female adults vector the nematode bursaphelenchus cocophilus. Parasitaphelenchidae and other nematode genera associated. Red ring nematodes do not occur in the xylem or phloem tissues, but xylem vessels become occluded with tyloses where they pass through the red ring. Bacterial diversity and community structure in the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. It has been reported that infested palms have been killed. Rhadinaphelenchus was designated a junior synonym of bursaphelenchus by baujard revue nematol 12.
Red palm weevils 45 cm in length are potentially lethal pests fig. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus parasitizes the palm weevil, rynchophorus palmarum l. Journal of nematology first report of bursaphelenchus. This weevil was found in the area of san diego, california in may of 2011 and alamo, texas in may 2012. Adult female weevils, which are internally infested with b. Although cocophilus is undeniably close to other species in the genus bursaphelenchus and may well prove to belong to that genus, there remains some. Delimitation surveys were initiated and other finds have been made in the same general geographic areas within 2. For example, ioi buys crude palm oil from bumitama at a discount and extends it prospective investors were informed through bumitamas prospectus that its. The vector of the nematode is the south american palm weevil.
General information about bursaphelenchus xylophilus bursxy eppo global database. The red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus, causes lethal red ring disease of palms. This lethal disease is caused by a nematode bursaphelenchus cocophilus and can spread via. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus rhaacooverview eppo global.
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, though this nematode may also be known as the coconut palm nematode. With the palm worms considered such a delicacy, it has been suggested it might be possible to combine increased production with. Red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus edis. This name is still commonly used wi thin the scientific. The reason for this is that the genus contains two virulent plant pathogens, the pine wood nematode pwn, b. An update on the occurrence of nematodes belonging to the genus.
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus causes red ring disease of palms. General information about bursaphelenchus cocophilus rhaaco eppo global database. The red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus cobb. Pdf on jan 1, 2018, leticia goncalves ferreira and others published culturing bursaphelenchus cocophilus in vitro and in vivo find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus red ring nematode appears to be the closest related. Geographic locations and origins of coconut host of bursaphelenchus cocophilus isolates used in the study. As a first step in developing a quick, accurate and simple method for the diagnosis of red ring disease, the loopmediated isothermal amplification lampbased identification procedure was applied to the causative agent, bursaphelenchus cocophilus. Persistence of the red ring nematode in the roots and in the.
Two lamp primer sets were designed using two loci of ribosomal rna genes, i. Weevil, and bursaphelenchus cocophilus cobb red ring nematode from foreign countries into the united states. Pine wilt nematode is native to the united states, and our native pines are usually tolerant of. Some females may lay up to 60 eggs within the first three days. Molecular characterisation of bursaphelenchus cocophilus, the causal agent of red ring disease, is imperative for efficient identification procedures in brazil and colombia, because quarantine species such as b. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, known as the red ring nematode, is vectored by. Nematode management for perennial landscape plants in. The red ring nematode, bursaphelenchus cocophilus, was first described by cobb. The brown lower leaves may break across the petiole of the lower part of the rachis, or they may become partly dislodged at the base and. Pine wilt nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus infects pine trees. The resulting tree showed a wellsupported subdivision of fungivorusgroup into two main clades, the first includes b. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is within the scope of wikiproject animals, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to animals and zoology.
Pdf persistence of the red ring nematode in the roots and in the. Pp1 efficacy evaluation of plant protection products. Molecular characterization of portuguese populations of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus using cytochrome b and cellulase genes volume 87 issue 4 v. Radinaphelenchus cocophilus, and rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus. Pp3 environmental risk assessment of plant protection products. Genetic diversity of bursaphelenchus cocophilus in. Sapw has been found in southern san diego and imperial counties since 2011, and may have been flying into these areas from. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus occurs intercellularly in the ground parenchymal cells adjacent to and within the red ring in the stem, discolored tissue in the petioles, and in the cortex of the roots. Cat7124 cat7199 cat7198 cat7118 pgk type so8 vin range 4. Rhynchophoros palmarum, american palm weevil the life cycle, from egg to adult, occurs within 80160 days and the adult may live for three months. Rhynchophorus palmarum linnaeus pest rating proposals.
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